Craniosacral therapy

Craniosacral therapy (CST)
Craniosacral therapy (CST)
Cranial-sacral therapy; Cranial osteopathy; Cranial therapy; Craniopathy; Sacro-occipital technique; Bio-cranial therapy
	Craniosacral therapy
Alternative therapy
NCCIH Classification	Manipulation and body-based
School	Osteopathy

Craniosacral therapy (CST) or cranial osteopathy is a form of alternative medicine that uses gentle touch to feel non-existent rhythmic movements of the skull's bones and supposedly adjust the immovable joints of the skull to achieve a therapeutic result. CST is a pseudoscience and its practice has been characterized as quackery.^[1]^[2] It is based on fundamental misconceptions about the anatomy and physiology of the human skull and is promoted as a cure-all for a variety of health conditions.^[3]^[4]^[5]

CST was invented in the 1970s by John Upledger as an offshoot of cranial osteopathy, which had been devised in the 1930s by William Garner Sutherland.^[4]^[6]

Medical research has found no significant evidence that either CST or cranial osteopathy confers any health benefit, and attempts to manipulate the bones of the skull can be harmful, particularly for children or infants.^[4]^[7]^[8] The basic assumptions of CST are not true, and practitioners produce conflicting and mutually exclusive diagnoses of the same patients.^[9]

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^ ^a ^b ^c Russell J, Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Craniosacral Therapy". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 187–189. ISBN 9780944235713.
^ Cite error: The named reference garden was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Craniosacral Therapy". UPMC Center for Integrative Medicine. 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ Ferré, J. C.; Chevalier, C.; Lumineau, J. P.; Barbin, J. Y. (1 September 1990). "[Cranial osteopathy, delusion or reality?]". Actualités Odonto-Stomatologiques. 44 (171): 481–494. ISSN 0001-7817. PMID 2173359.
^ Cite error: The named reference cass was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Craniosacral Therapy: Does it Work?". www.PainScience.com.

[quack-1] Cite error: The named reference quack was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ps-2] Cite error: The named reference ps was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[mc-3] Cite error: The named reference mc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[acs-4] Russell J, Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Craniosacral Therapy". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 187–189. ISBN 9780944235713.

[garden-5] Cite error: The named reference garden was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] "Craniosacral Therapy". UPMC Center for Integrative Medicine. 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013.

[Ferré_481–494-7] Ferré, J. C.; Chevalier, C.; Lumineau, J. P.; Barbin, J. Y. (1 September 1990). "[Cranial osteopathy, delusion or reality?]". Actualités Odonto-Stomatologiques. 44 (171): 481–494. ISSN 0001-7817. PMID 2173359.

[cass-8] Cite error: The named reference cass was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[9] "Craniosacral Therapy: Does it Work?". www.PainScience.com.

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Craniosacral therapy (CST)
Cranial-sacral therapy Cranial osteopathy Cranial therapy Craniopathy Sacro-occipital technique Bio-cranial therapy
Craniosacral therapy
Alternative therapy
NCCIH Classification	Manipulation and body-based
School	Osteopathy